Operating room travel nurse jobs at a glance

Operating room travel nurse jobs with Nomad Health

If there was an entire sport dedicated to keeping your cool under intense pressure, operating room nurses would always take home gold. Also known as OR nurses or perioperative nurses, these healthcare individuals are highly specialized, perform incredibly well in stressful situations, and can effectively manage multiple streams of communication at once. They are experts when it comes to assisting with surgical prep and intraoperative procedures.

We work with OR travel nurses all over the country, and love helping them find assignments that meet their career advancement goals. Our operating room travel nurses get access to a robust benefits package, including medical, dental, and vision insurance, 401 (k) with employee matching after a year, and malpractice insurance. Our OR travel nurses also get travel reimbursement, a stipend for housing and utilities, and state license and certification reimbursement. We even developed a mobile app to make time tracking and payday easier and more streamlined than ever before.

What is an OR travel nurse?

From sterilizing surgical equipment to assisting surgeons during invasive procedures, OR travel nurses are prepped and ready to provide care to patients before, during, and after a variety of highly specialized surgeries. Some common duties they may perform include: preparing patients for surgery, assisting during surgery, making sure operating rooms and instruments are sterile, starting IVs, and verifying that consent has been signed. They also make sure patients and their families or caregivers are informed about the surgery, as well as risk and recovery plans. (Nurse.org, n.d.).

There’s a wide range in the types of surgeries OR travel nurses work with. Some are elective, others are life saving. According to John Hopkins Medicine, some of the most common surgeries performed in the United States are: appendectomy, breast biopsy, cesarean section (also called a c-section), coronary artery bypass, hysterectomy, mastectomy, prostatectomy, and tonsillectomy.

OR travel nurse pay

At Nomad Health, the average weekly pay of an operating room travel nurse is about $2,554.* So for one 13-week assignment, that’s about $33,202. The average hourly rate for an operating travel nurse at Nomad Health is about $65.* There are a lot of factors that can influence a travel OR nurse’s pay, including experience, education, facility, city, and industry demand. Today, the three states with the most OR travel nurse job openings at Nomad are New York, Illinois, and Massachusetts.*

*Subject to change. Based on internal salary data pulled in December 2023.

Highest-paying OR travel nurse jobs

On the higher end, an OR travel nurse with Nomad Health can make up to $3,520, or $89 an hour.* Certifications can help advance an OR travel nurse’s career, which can lead to higher compensation. According to the Competency and Credentialing Institute, some of these certifications include the Certified Perioperative Nurse (CNOR), the Certified Foundational Perioperative Nurse (CFPN), and the Certified Ambulatory Surgery Nurse (CNAMB).

We know that salary can be a big influencing factor when it comes to choosing a travel assignment, which is why we provide salary transparency on each of our OR nursing job posts. As soon as you log in to your Nomad Health account and start exploring potential assignments, you have the ability to filter and sort search results by payscale. Nomad Health is a recruiter-less, digital healthcare staffing agency, which means we save on operations costs and pass those savings to our travel community.

Trends in operating room travel nursing

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the nursing profession is expected to grow by 6% by 2032, adding approximately 177,000 jobs. With faster than average growth like this, OR travel nursing jobs are likely to remain in demand, especially with a nursing shortage.

Types of operating room travel nurse jobs

There are so many different types of surgeries, each of which requires the highest level of knowledge and a certain set of responsibilities. Because of this, there are a variety of specialties within OR travel nursing. Some assignments focus on specific operations, such as cardiovascular surgery, while others travelers look for specific roles in the OR setting, such as scrub or circulating nurse.

Cardiovascular OR Nurse

A cardiovascular OR nurse, or CVOR, is a RN with operating room experience who specializes in working with open-heart patients and other cardiovascular procedures. Some of their on-the-job duties may include: patient assessments, preparing the room and equipment before the procedure, organizing the various groups of people who will be working on the case, assuring all monitors and devices are turned on and ready, and accurately charting during the case. Their main focus, while doing all of that, is to advocate for the patient while they are in surgery. It is recommended that cardiovascular OR nurses get their Certified Perioperative Nurse (CNOR) credential. (Top Nursing, n.d.).

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states that heart disease is the leading cause of death for men and women in the United States, so cardiovascular OR nursing is an important specialty and has a high impact on the wellbeing of our community.

OR First Assistant Nurse

The Association of periOperative Registered Nurses (AORN) describes a registered nurse first assistant (RNFA) as, “a perioperative registered nurse who functions in an expanded role, working in collaboration with the surgeon and health care team members to achieve optimal patient outcomes.” Some typical tasks performed by RNFA travel nurses include: preoperative patient management, intraoperative surgical assistance and postoperative patient management. (AORN, 2018). They have acquired the necessary knowledge, judgment, and skills specific to the expanded role of RNFA clinical practice, and they do not function as a scrub nurse or circulator.

Intraoperative performance may involve using instruments and medical devices, providing surgical site exposure, or handling/cutting tissue. Other responsibilities could be providing hemostasis, suturing, and wound management. After a procedure or operation, a RNFA may work in collaboration with other health care providers and assist in postoperative rounds and patient discharge planning. (AORN 2018).

The requirements for an OR first assistant nurse are a bit more expanded than that of a traditional OR nurse. The AORN states that an RNFA must have their CNOR credential, a Bachelor of Science in Nursing, and have completed an RNFA program.

The average weekly compensation for OR first assistant travel nurses at Nomad Health is about $3,213 while the median hourly rate is about $80, which is higher than our average pay for operating room travel nurses. The pay range for operating room first assistants goes up to $4,040 a week, making it one of the highest paying specialties offered at Nomad Health.*

*Subject to change. Based on internal salary data pulled in December 2023.

OR Scrub Nurse

Scrub nurses are vital to a safe and successful surgery. They set up the operating room before a procedure, which requires meticulous planning and accuracy. OR scrub nurses have to consider the surgery, patient's age, size and surgeon's preference card (when applicable). Furthermore, they have to ensure equipment is working properly and supplies are not expired. Operating room scrub nurses are responsible for setting up essential equipment to prevent complications that can occur during a surgery. For example, they would set up an Intermittent Pneumatic Compression device machine, and have appropriately sized sleeves ready to go. These would be used to prevent deep vein thrombosis, or blood clots, which are a known complication to surgery. They would also set up IV pump(s) and suction. Scrub nurses are also responsible for selecting and passing instruments and supplies to the surgeon during the operation. Scrub nurses have to be confident and communicate clearly and effectively if they see anything that could potentially impact a successful procedure.

Circulating OR Nurse

A circulating OR nurse assists with surgeries, but unlike a scrub nurse or a first assistant nurse, they work outside the area of sterilization. They are the eyes and ears of the operating room on a whole, and make sure all teams are running smoothly and have what they need to best ensure patient care. (Nurses for a Healthier Tomorrow, n.d.) According to the AORN, the circulating nurse serves as the patient advocate while the patient is most vulnerable. Since the majority of patients are sedated or anesthetized during a surgery, they are unable to make decisions on their own. Typically, there is one circulating nurse assigned to each patient for the duration of the surgery. They manage all nursing care within the OR, observe the surgical team from a broad perspective and assist the team to ensure a safe, comfortable environment.

The circulating nurse has the following responsibilities immediately before and during the surgery: completing and verifying surgical documentation, verifying patient identification, ensuring correct surgical site, and assessing the patient for allergies and other preexisting conditions. They also prep and position patients for surgery, oversee blood transfusions, and maintain infection control throughout procedures. Furthermore, they monitor arterial lines, last devices, and imaging and video equipment, and perform counts of surgical items before and after surgeries. It’s up to them to coordinate responses in the event of an emergency.

Operating room travel nursing 101

OR travel nursing is an exciting and challenging career path. Registered nurses who are considering travel OR nursing should account for a number of factors: moving stressors, licensure logistics, and facility transitions (ie. being the “new kid.”) Once making the jump, many travel nurses find the hassle well worth it. OR travel nurses gain incredibly valuable career experience by working with a variety of patients in different types of settings, including hospitals in rural areas, big facilities in highly populated metropolitan cities, and surgicenters.

How to become an OR travel nurse

To become an operating room travel nurse, you start by earning either an Associate’s Degree in Nursing (ADN) or a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN). While not required, most facilities require a BSN. After earning your nursing degree, you have to pass the National Council Licensure Exam (NCLEX). From there, it’s recommended that you gain experience and earn a perioperative certification. OR nurse residencies or fellowship programs offer great opportunities for new or experienced nurses. Most programs offer hands-on training, didactic/classroom time, and you’ll learn both scrub and circulating nurse roles.

Operating room travel nurse job requirements

Travel OR nurses are extremely detail oriented, good under pressure, and thrive in team environments. They don’t mind sporadic schedules; surgeries can happen at any time of day or night depending on the setting (emergency surgeries versus elective procedures). It’s important for travel nurses to make sure they are certified as an RN in the state(s) they are hoping to take assignments in. A lot of travel nurses opt to get their Nurse Licensure Compact (NLC), which covers 39 participating states and allows for extra freedom of movement.

Operating room travel nurse certifications

Aside from an active nursing license, travel OR nurses will need the the following certifications at a minimum to qualify for most jobs:

• Basic life support (BLS)
• Advanced cardiac life support (ACLS)

Benefits and challenges of OR travel nursing

It’s important to consider the whole picture when it comes to OR travel nursing. Here are some of the benefits and challenges that come with the profession.

OR travel nurse benefits

Higher pay

A major benefit of OR travel nursing is the ability to increase your income more quickly than staff nursing positions. Although higher pay is not always guaranteed, you have the freedom and flexibility to choose your assignment and pursue multiple options that offer varying pay rates, locations, and schedules. Better yet, most assignments last eight to 13 weeks at a time so there’s always another opportunity to find something better once your assignment ends.

Professional development

OR travel nursing can create many opportunities for professional development. Some nurses can feel stagnant in their growth after working in the same environment for too long. Traveling can give you exposure to different hospital systems, patient populations, and practices. Some facilities may specialize in surgical procedures that were uncommon at your previous facility or may implement different evidence-based practices in the operating room. Learning and adjusting to new practices can be a catalyst for growth in your clinical skills and career.

Exploring new destinations

One of the best parts of being a travel OR nurse is the opportunity to explore new cities and experience different ways of living. There is no right or wrong way to decide where to go next, but enjoying the sights, sounds, flavors, and activities of an unexplored destination is a great way to maximize your travel experience.

If you’re curious about west coast living, you can find jobs in Oregon, Washington, and California. If you’re a snowbird and love extreme winter sports, taking an assignment in North Dakota or Colorado might be your cup of tea. Whatever your preferences and your goals, Nomad has exciting job opportunities for you.

Challenges

Relocating often

A major challenge in OR traveling nursing can be having to move often. Most travel contracts last eight to 13 weeks and unless you extend your contract, you’ll have to secure a new assignment and housing before you know it. That being said, there are plenty of resources available to help you transition smoothly from one assignment to another. Many travelers find that as they take on more travel contracts, the logistics of moving become easier to navigate.

Changing environments

While seeing new places and experiencing different facilities can have its upsides, change can be stressful. Many facilities expect travelers to be able to hit the ground running with minimal orientation, which can be challenging. Travelers may have to learn new charting systems and workflows while making new relationships with coworkers in a relatively short period of time. In order to be successful, OR travel nurses should be able to learn and adapt quickly to these changes.

Legal and ethical considerations for OR travel nurses

As an OR travel nurse, you may encounter various legal and ethical considerations related to patient care, staffing, or personal conduct. It’s important to be aware of your legal and ethical responsibilities as a travel OR nurse as you go from facility to facility.

Legal

Although the general consensus is that nursing is the same everywhere, there may be small differences in scope-of-practice between each state and facility. As a traveler, it’s your responsibility to understand these nuances wherever you take an assignment. As best practice, you should know your state laws and facility policies before you start your assignment or at least know where this information is located.

Know your state laws

According to the National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN), each state has a law called the Nurse Practice Act that is enforced by the Nurse Regulatory Body (NRB) of that jurisdiction. These laws describe:

• Licensure qualifications
• Nursing titles allowed to be used
• Scope of practice
• Potential consequences if the law is not followed

It’s important to be familiar with this information when you go on assignment. You can find more information on each state’s Board of Nursing website or on the NCSBN website.

Know your facility policies

Similar to scope-of-practice differences between states, facility policies may differ from one another. It’s best not to assume that what is allowed in one facility is implicitly allowed at another. When in doubt, ask a trusted source like a unit manager and know your resources so you can locate this information easily.

Ethical

As a travel OR nurse, you may face ethical dilemmas while you provide patient care in different environments and with varying resources. That’s why it’s important to have a strong foundation in nursing ethics, which revolve around four concepts: autonomy, beneficence, justice, and non-maleficence. These concepts have formed the basis for patient rights today.

Some patient rights are enforced by law while others are upheld by various professional organizations and detailed in a Patient’s Bill of Rights. Some examples of patient rights include:

• The right to informed consent, or to receive information about care
• The right to refuse treatment
• The right to confidential medical care under HIPAA
• The right to provide advanced directives
• The right to receive medical treatment during an emergency under EMTALA

You can find the American Medical Association's (AMA) Patient’s Bill of Rights here.

Informed consent

As an OR travel nurse, ensuring that informed consent is performed and documented before a surgical procedure is a common responsibility. According to Olejarczyk and Young (2022), the following are the required elements for documentation of an informed consent discussion:

1. the nature of the procedure
2. the risks and benefits and the procedure
3. reasonable alternatives
4. isks and benefits of alternatives
5. assessment of the patient's understanding of elements one through four

To learn more about informed consent, refer to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) website.

Evidence-based practice and high-quality patient care

High quality patient care is a responsibility carried by all nurses. One way to maintain this is to read the latest evidence-based research in medical publications and journals. Other ways to stay up-to-date on best practices is to attend unit in-services and lectures, and to obtain specialty certifications. OR travel nurses can get educational support and guidance on evidence-based practices from the Clinical Navigator team when traveling with Nomad.

Lifestyle considerations for OR travel nurses

OR travel nursing can be a fast-paced adventure full of career growth and exploration, but there are some lifestyle considerations you should be aware of before taking the plunge.

Housing

Most travel assignments span eight to 13 weeks on average, which means you may have to find new housing every three months or so. The search to find housing that fits your needs every few months can be challenging if you don’t have the right resources. Thankfully, Nomad offers resources to help travel OR nurses secure both non-furnished and fully furnished rental housing.

Some OR travel nurses might opt to stay with family or friends, or split housing with a roommate or another traveler in the area. Others might take full advantage of the nomadic lifestyle by staying in an RV. Ultimately, we encourage you to explore your options, be open-minded, and have fun with it! And if you can’t get everything you want from the available housing options at the time, you can still find other ways to enjoy your assignment to the fullest.

Health and wellness

Maintaining your health and wellness while traveling as an OR nurse is a high priority since it can affect your ability to care for patients and enjoy your overall travel experience. Here are some key considerations:

Health insurance- know if your employer provides health insurance coverage and know which medical facilities are nearby in case of an emergency. Nomad offers medical, dental, and vision insurance benefits to all of its travelers.

Mental health- OR travel nursing can be stressful. Combine frequent moves and being away from friends and family and all of it can take a toll on your mental health. Identify when you’re feeling too stressed or close to burnout and prioritize adequate rest, sleep, and quality social interaction while on assignment. Nomad offers mental health benefits to support its travelers.

Fitness and exercise- learn which exercise options are available to you to keep a healthy fitness routine. Working out regularly can benefit your physical and mental health, especially in stressful moments during transition.

Nutrition- it’s easy to fall into patterns of unhealthy eating when you’re on the road or changing environments frequently. Do a little research beforehand to identify healthy dining options and grocery stores around your assignment location so you can set yourself up for success.

Travel logistics

Many OR travel nurses may enjoy the overall experience of traveling but dislike the logistics of moving. The good news is, there are strategies you can employ to help make traveling as enjoyable as possible:

If you’re taking a road trip, map everything out from start to finish. Plan stops along the way to break up the monotony and stress of sitting all day. Bring a friend, play your favorite songs, and see a national park or two along the way. Nomad offers reimbursements for up to $1000 of one-way travel to your new assignment, plus more. Learn more here.

Take a more minimalist approach to packing. If it’s not an item you use on a daily or even weekly basis, it’s probably something you don’t need to bring with you. Make a list of the essential items like clothing, kitchen supplies, toiletries, bedding, and forgo the rest.

Give yourself enough time to get to your next location, unpack, and get settled before starting your assignment. Even having one extra day to buy groceries, pack a lunch, and explore the local area can reduce stress.

Community

Whether you’re introverted or extroverted, it’s important to find community as an OR travel nurse. Being a traveler can pose challenges when it comes to developing long-term relationships, but making connections is worth it. You can start small by socializing with your fellow coworkers and travelers at work, or even spend time outside of work doing extracurricular activities with them. In the best of scenarios, you may make lifelong friendships and at a minimum, it’s nice to have friendly faces to support you while you’re on assignment.

Finances

Traveling as an OR nurse can change your finances in considerable ways—from increasing your income to dealing with travel-related taxes, you may find yourself needing a different strategy to manage your money. Consider seeing a financial advisor or a tax professional to navigate these issues. And don’t forget to check with your employer about any potential financial benefits available to you as a traveler.

Nomad offers its travelers the option to invest in a 401(k) from day one of the assignment, along with numerous other reimbursement benefits for scrubs, licenses, and approved certifications.

Professional development opportunities for OR travel nurses

Professional development is an important part of having a long, fulfilling career for many healthcare professionals, especially travel nurses. Growing professionally can seem like a challenge without access to the same resources that a staff job might provide, but it’s more doable than you think. Here are some ways that OR travel nurses can continue to grow their clinical skills, confidence, and knowledge base while on the road:

Continuous learning

OR travel nurses are in the unique position to expedite their learning through fast exposure and hands-on experience. Many OR travel nurses may discover that when they take an assignment in another state or facility, they learn about new surgical techniques, procedures, and disease processes simply through exposure. Experiencing how other surgical teams function and care for patients of different demographics and conditions can be an excellent learning opportunity and something that only a travel job can provide.

To supplement this exposure, OR travel nurses can continue to educate themselves by reading about related topics in peer-reviewed publications such as:

• OR Nurse
• AORN Journal
• Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing
• Annals of Surgery
• The American Journal of Surgery

If Nomad OR travel nurses need one-on-one coaching and educational support about clinical practice related topics, the Clinical Navigator team is available to help.

Advanced degrees and certifications

OR travel nurses can obtain advanced degrees and certifications to further their professional development and expertise, although this is typically not required for most jobs.

The main certification an OR travel nurse can get is the Certified Perioperative Nurse credential from the Competency & Credentialing Institute (CCI). In order to obtain it, a registered nurse has to have at least two years of perioperative experience and be able to pass a 200-question multiple choice exam. Other OR nursing certifications include:

• Certified Surgical Services Manager (CSSM)
• Certified Perioperative CNS (CNS-CP)
• Certified Ambulatory Surgery Nurse (CNAMB)
• Certified Foundational Perioperative Nurse (CFPN)
• Certified Ambulatory Perianesthesia Nurse (CAPA®)

While pursuing these certifications isn’t mandatory, they can positively impact hireability and salary. According to the CCI and based on a salary and compensation survey conducted by the AORN in 2022, nurses who are certified receive an average of $2,600 more annually than nurses who are not.

Professional organizations

OR travel nurses can also join professional organizations that offer educational resources, networking opportunities, and certifications. Here are some top OR nursing organizations to join:

• Association of periOperative Registered Nurses (AORN)
• American Nurses Association (ANA)
• American Society of periAnesthesia Nurses (ASPAN)

Workshops, seminars and conferences

Attending workshops, seminars, and conferences as an OR travel nurse can be a rewarding experience. These events can provide opportunities to earn continuing education credits, attend hands-on skills sessions, listen to lectures from experts, and network with other OR travel nurses. Here are some events to attend as a travel OR nurse:

• AORN Global Surgical Conference and Expo

Support and resources for operating room travel nurses

While on assignment, there are plenty of resources for operating room travel nurses who need ongoing support. Here are the best resources we’ve found:

• Nomad Navigators
• Nomad Clinical Navigators
• American Nurses Association (ANA)
• Association of periOperative Registered Nurses (AORN)
• American Society of periAnesthesia Nurses (ASPAN)
• NCSBN

OR Travel Nurse Healthcare Resources

• AORN. (2018). AORN position statement on RN First Assistants. Retrieved March 9, 2023, from https://aorn.org/docs/default-source/guidelines-resources/position-statements/first-assisting/aorn_position_statement_rnfa.pdf?sfvrsn=7d9f3037_3
• Brooks, A. (2020, May 4). Dissecting the critical role of an operating room nurse. Rasmussen University. Retrieved March 9, 2023, from https://www.rasmussen.edu/degrees/nursing/blog/role-of-operating-room-nurse/
• LPN Programs and Schools. (n.d.). Cardiovascular operating room nurse. Retrieved March 9, 2023, from https://www.topnursing.org/career/cardiovascular-operating-room-nurse/
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, October 14). Heart disease facts. Retrieved March 9, 2023, from https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/facts.htm
• Gaines, K. (n.d.). How to become an operating room (OR) nurse. Nurse.org. Retrieved March 9, 2023, from https://nurse.org/articles/or-nurse-salary-and-career-opportunities/
• Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science. (n.d.). Perioperative nurse - explore health care careers. Retrieved March 9, 2023, from https://college.mayo.edu/academics/explore-health-care-careers/careers-a-z/perioperative-nurse/
• AORN. (n.d.). Need for RN circulator legislation. Retrieved March 9, 2023, from https://aorn.org/docs/default-source/aorn/pdfs/rn-circulator-flyer.pdf?sfvrsn=c9fcb067_3
• ZipRecruiter. (n.d.). Operating room travel nurse salary. Retrieved March 9, 2023, from https://www.ziprecruiter.com/Salaries/Operating-Room-Travel-Nurse-Salary
• CCI. (2023, January 16). OR nursing certifications: Why get certified? Retrieved March 9, 2023, from https://www.cc-institute.org/why-certify/
• Nurses for a healthier Tomorrow. (n.d.). PERIOPERATIVE (O.R.) NURSE. Retrieved March 9, 2023, from https://www.nursesource.org/perioperative.html
• Discover Nursing. (n.d.). Perioperative Nurse. Retrieved March 9, 2023, from https://nursing.jnj.com/specialty/perioperative-nurse
• ASPAN. (n.d.). Practice recommendation. Retrieved March 9, 2023, from https://www.aspan.org/Portals/88/Clinical%20Practice/Practice%20Recommendations/PR_Patient_Classification_Staffing_Recommendations.pdf?ver=zspJsb1KSSaT1XdIorR3Mw%3d%3d
• HCUP. (n.d.). Surgeries in Hospital-Based Ambulatory Surgery and Hospital Inpatient Settings, 2014 #223. Retrieved March 9, 2023, from https://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb223-Ambulatory-Inpatient-Surgeries-2014.jsp
• Walker, A. (n.d.). How to make the most money as a travel nurse. Nurse.org. Retrieved March 9, 2023, from https://nurse.org/articles/how-to-make-the-most-money-as-a-travel-nurse/
• RN Salary Writers. (2022, October 30). How to become an operating room nurse - salary. Retrieved March 9, 2023, from https://www.registerednursing.org/specialty/operating-room-nurse/
• National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN). (n.d.). Nurse Licensure Guidance. Retrieved from https://www.ncsbn.org/nursing-regulation/licensure/nurse-licensure-guidance.page
• National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN). (n.d.). About Nursing Regulatory Bodies. Retrieved from https://www.ncsbn.org/nursing-regulation/about-nursing-regulatory-bodies.page
• National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). (n.d.). Nurses as Advocates for Patients. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538279/\
• National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). (n.d.). Nursing Ethics. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526054/
• American Medical Association. (n.d.). Patient Rights. Retrieved from https://code-medical-ethics.ama-assn.org/ethics-opinions/patient-rights
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). (n.d.). Informed Consent FAQs. Retrieved from https://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/regulations-and-policy/guidance/faq/informed-consent/index.html
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). (n.d.). HIPAA for Professionals. Retrieved from https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/index.html
• Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). (n.d.). Emergency Medical Treatment & Labor Act (EMTALA). Retrieved from https://www.cms.gov/medicare/regulations-guidance/legislation/emergency-medical-treatment-labor-act